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Formatting References for The Journal of Private Enterprise
The Journal of Private Enterprise guidelines for formatting references are similar to American Economic Association guidelines, with some modifications based on the Chicago Manual of Style. In addition, The Journal of Private Enterprise has journal specific guidelines for citing online content.
A) Journal Articles
Format when there is a volume number and an issue number:
Author last name, first name. Year. “Article title.” Journal Title, Volume (Issue number if applicable): page numbers.
Example:
Garrison, Roger W. 1984. “Time and Money: The Universals of Macroeconomic Theorizing.” Journal of Macroeconomics, 6(2): 197–213.
When there is a volume number, but no issue number, use the month in place of the issue number:
Format when there is a volume number but no issue number:
Author last name, first name. Year. “Article title.” Journal Title, Volume (Month): page numbers.
Example:
Mulligan, Robert F. 2013. “New Evidence on the Structure of Production: Real and Austrian Business Cycle Theory and the Financial Instability Hypothesis.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 86 (February): 67–77.
B) Multiple Authors
In the case of two authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. Place a comma before and after the first author’s name or initials. Use “and” between the two authors’ names.
Lester, Robert B., and Jonathan S. Wolff. 2013. “The Empirical Relevance of the Mises-Hayek Theory of the Trade Cycle.” Review of Austrian Economics, 26(4): 433–61.
In the case of works by 3 to 10 authors, names are given as follows: First author's last name, first author's first name, next authors' first name and last name, etc., and final author's first name and last name.
Example:
Selgin, George, William D. Lastrapes, and Lawrence H. White.
In the case of works by 11 or more authors, list only the first 7, followed by et al.
For in-text citations, only use et al. when there are four or more authors. For three authors, use all three last names.
Example: (Selgin, Lastrapes, and White 2014)
C) Magazine and Newspaper Articles
Author last name, first name. Year. “Article title.” Magazine Title, month or month and day, and page numbers if you have them.
Example:
Forbes, Steve. 2014. “New, Revolutionary Way to Measure the Economy Is Coming—Believe Me, This Is a Big Deal.” Forbes, April 14.
In the case of two authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. Place a comma before and after the first author’s name or initials. Use “and” between the two author’s names.
D) Books
Author last name, first name. Year. Title of Book. City of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Mises, Ludwig von. 1944. Bureaucracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Please include the state of publication, unless it is a major city that cannot be confused with a city of the same name in another state. While “New York” stands alone, “Cambridge” needs an “MA” or “UK” for clarification.
E) Book Chapters
Author last name, first name. Year. “Chapter or Article Title.” In Book Title, followed by ed. and name of editor(s) if appropriate, and chapter page numbers. City of publication: Publisher.
Example:
Ehrlich, Isaac. 1974. “Participation in Illegitimate Activities: An Economic Analysis.” In The Economics of Crime and Punishment, ed. Gary Becker and William Landes, 68–134. New York: Columbia University Press.
F) Corporate Authors or Articles without Listed Authors
Corporations are people. Cite them as such. In the case of a corporate authored book, even though it appears repetitive, list the corporation as the author and the publisher.
Example:
New York Stock Exchange. 2019. Regulation of the Exchange and its Member Organizations. New York: New York Stock Exchange.
The Journal of Private Enterprise specific instructions for references of works available online
The Journal of Private Enterprise is a print journal that does not use hyperlinks. As a general rule, we do not use URLs to direct readers to a source. Our reasoning is as follows:
(1) Having full URLs in print is inelegant, space-consuming, and requires readers to view long strings of text.
(2) URLs often change and typing a title in a search engine is usually easier than typing a URL.
Most online material can be cited similar to regular articles or books. In addition, we do not use access dates.
Citing articles or books that appear both in print and online
If the citation is to a book, chapter, or article in a journal, newspaper, or magazine that is both printed and online, simply format it like a printed reference and omit the URL.
Incorrect for The Journal of Private Enterprise:
Ivry, Bob, Bradley Keoun, and Phil Kuntz. 2011. “Secret Fed Loans Gave Banks $13 Billion Undisclosed to Congress.” Bloomberg, November 27, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-11-28/secret-fed-loans-undisclosed-to-congress-gave-banks-13-billion-in-income. Accessed June 6, 2014.
Correct for The Journal of Private Enterprise:
Ivry, Bob, Bradley Keoun, and Phil Kuntz. 2011. “Secret Fed Loans Gave Banks $13 Billion Undisclosed to Congress.” Bloomberg, November 27.
Manuscripts or posts that only appear online
If the manuscript is similar to a book, cite it like a regular book and list the corporate entity and the corporate entity’s headquarters as the publisher and place of publication.
Incorrect for The Journal of Private Enterprise:
Horwitz, Steven. 2013. An Introduction to US Monetary Policy. Mercatus Research. Arlington, VA: Mercatus Center. Available at http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/Horwitz_MonetaryPolicy_v1.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2014.
Correct for The Journal of Private Enterprise:
Horwitz, Steven. 2013. An Introduction to US Monetary Policy. Mercatus Research. Arlington, VA: Mercatus Center.
Other
G) Reprints and Modern Editions
If citing a reprint or modern edition and the original publication date is important, include the original date first, in parentheses, after the author’s name, then the new date, followed by the book title. Then, cite the original place of publication and publisher, followed by the reprint/modern edition place of publication and publisher. Also indicate which edition you are citing.
For the in-text citation, place the original publication date in brackets, followed by the reprint/modern publication date.
Example 1 (from the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, section 15.38):
Austen, Jane. (1813) 2003. Pride and Prejudice. London: T. Egerton. Reprint, New York: Penguin Classics. Citations refer to the Penguin edition.
(Austen [1813] 2003)
H) Multivolume Works
Multivolume works include works such as encyclopedias, multivolume works published over several years, and multivolume works published in a single year. Below are a few examples.
Example 1:
Mises, Ludwig von. 1949. Human Action. Vol. 1. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
Example 2:
Salinger, Lawrence M., ed. 2005. Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime. 2 vols. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Example 3:
Woodbridge, John, and Frank A. James III. 2013. From Pre-Reformation to the Present Day. Vol. 2, Church History. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
I) Theses and Dissertations
Author last name, first name. Year. “Title.” PhD diss., University.
Example:
Robbs, Cherease Lampkins. 2011. “The Independence of the Fed: ‘In the Fed We Trust’ or Are We Just ‘Fed Up’?” Master of arts thesis, Georgetown University.
In the case of two authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. Place a comma before and after the first author’s name or initials. Use “and” between the two author’s names.
J) Working Papers
Author last name, first name. Year. “Title.” Kind of working paper (such as institution, working series title) and number.
Example 1:
Kane, Edward J. 2013. “Hair of the Dog That Bit Us: The Insufficiency of New and Improved Capital Requirements.” Boston College working paper, March 20.
Example 2:
Erber, Georg. 2012. “What Is Unorthodox Monetary Policy?” Social Science Research Network Working Paper 2139443.
In the case of two authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. Place a comma before and after the first author’s name or initials. Use “and” between the two authors’ names.
K) Lectures and Papers Presented at Meetings
Author last name, first name. Year. “Title.” Paper presented at followed by lecture/meeting name, location where lecture/meeting took place, and month and date of lecture/meeting.
Example 1:
Stock, James, and Mark Watson. 2003. “Has the Business Cycle Changed? Evidence and Explanations.” Paper presented at Monetary Policy and Uncertainty, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas Symposium, Jackson Hole, WY, August 28–30.
Example 2:
Elu, Juliet, and Gregory Price. 2015. “Is Regional Integration Beneficial for Agricultural Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa? The Case of CEMAC and WAEMU.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association, Boston.
L) Forthcoming Publication
Example:
Boettke, Peter J., and Vipin P. Veetil. Forthcoming. “Models of Human Action." Cosmos + Taxis.