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Fall 2018

ISSN 0890-913X

Volume 33, Number 3

Categories: Fall 2018 | Labor Force

An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Three Labor Market Freedom Indices and Occupational Licensing on Interstate Living-Cost Differentials

Richard J. Cebula, Jacksonville University

John Connaughton, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Caroline Swartz, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

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TheJournalofPrivateEnterprise33(3),2018,49–62AnEmpiricalAnalysisoftheImpactoftheThreeLaborMarketFreedomIndicesandOccupationalLicensingonInterstateLiving-CostDifferentialsRichardJ.CebulaJacksonvilleUniversityJohnConnaughtonUniversityofNorthCarolina-CharlotteCarolineSwartzUniversityofNorthCarolina-Charlotte______________________________________________________AbstractThisstudyprovidesempiricalevidenceintheformof2SLSestimationresultssuggestingthattheoverallcostoflivingindexforUSstatesin2014,COSTj,washarmedbythethreeformsoflabormarketfreedomidentifiedinStansel,Torra,andMcMahon(2015),namely,UNIONj,whichdealswithuniondensity;MINWAGEj,whichinvolvesthestateminimumwageatthesubnationallevel;andGOVTEMPj,whichinvolvesgovernmentemploymentandtheperspectivethateconomicfreedomdecreasesasgovernmentemploymentincreasesbeyondwhatisnecessarytoprovidegovernmentalproductiveandprotectivefunctions.Furthermore,COSTjisfoundtobehelpedbytheextentofoccupationallicensing,implyingthatagreaterdegreeofoccupationallicensingcanserveasabarriertooccupationalentry,whichinturncanresultinreducedemploymentforsomeworkersandinthereceiptofmonopolyrentsforotherworkers,acircumstancethat,intheory(Friedman1962),canthenyieldhighercommoditypricesforconsumers.Together,theseresultsareuniqueinthegeographicliving-costdifferentialsliterature.______________________________________________________JELCodes:P10,R20,R23,R32Keywords:labormarketfreedom,geographicliving-costdifferentials,occupationallicensingI.IntroductionStudyingdeterminantsofgeographicdifferentialsintheoverallcostoflivingismotivatedbybotheconomicandpublicpolicy

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Title	An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Three Labor Market Freedom Indices and Occupational Licensing on Interstate Living-Cost Differentials
Authors/Creators:	Richard J. Cebula, Jacksonville University John Connaughton, University of North Carolina-Charlotte Caroline Swartz, University of North Carolina-Charlotte
Year:	2018
Volume:	33
Number:	3
Pages:	49 - 62
Publisher:	The Association of Private Education
ISSN:	0890-913X
Document Type:	Articles
Keywords:	labor market freedom, geographic living-cost differentials, occupational licensing

Citation:
Cebula, Richard J.; Connaughton, John; Swartz, Caroline / 2018. "An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of the Three Labor Market Freedom Indices and Occupational Licensing on Interstate Living-Cost Differentials." The Journal of Private Enterprise, 33(3): 49-62.