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Spring 2013

ISSN 0890-913X

Volume 28, Number 2

Categories: Spring 2013 | History

Historical Sketch of Freedom of Association in the West

Leonard P. Liggio, Atlas Economic Research Foundation

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TheJournalofPrivateEnterprise28(2),2013,57–61HistoricalSketchofFreedomofAssociationintheWestLeonardP.LiggioInstituteforHumaneStudies,GeorgeMasonUniversityAtlasEconomicResearchFoundationAbstractThisarticlediscussesgovernmentallowancesandrestrictionsonfreedomofassociationfromtheRomanEmpiretotheMiddleAges.Atvariouspoints,freedomofassociationexpandedforreligiousorganizations,universities,andstock-holdingcorporations.JELCode:N42Keywords:Voluntaryassociations;JointstockcompaniesMostempireshavenotpermittedfreedomofassociation.TheRomanEmpireandthentheEasternRomanEmpire(ByzantineEmpire)generallyforbadefreedomofassociation.In1219,FrederickII,KingoftheTwoSiciliesandHolyRomanEmpire,soughttooutlawguildsinhispossessionsinGermanyandItaly,seekingunsuccessfullytocreateanimperialregime.AncientRomedidallowassociationsforreligiouspurposes.AsRomanlawrecognizedprivatepropertybecausefamilyburialmadethepropertysacredtoeachfamily,itallowedfamiliestoassociateforfuneralpurposes.Romanswouldvisitgravesonanniversariestohavemealsasacontactwiththeancestor.Theremightbeassociationstobuildandmaintainreligiousshrines.ThisaspectofByzantineRomanlawmayhaveinfluencedIslamicjuriststointroducetrustsorfoundations(wafts),whichwerededicatedtoreligious(mosque),pious(school),orgoodworks(afountainorabridge).SuchprotectiondidnotdevelopinIslamforcommercialproperty.AmongexamplesofRomanofficialaversiontofreedomofassociationarethelettersexchangedbetweentheEmperorTrajan(98–117AD)andPlinytheYounger(62–113AD),hisfriendandliteraryfigure,whomTrajanappointedasgovernorinAsiaMinor.PlinywrotetoTrajanrequestingpermissiontoallowavolunteerfirebrigade.Citieswerevulnerabletofires,andinlieuoffirebrigades,57

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Metadata [hide]

Title	Historical Sketch of Freedom of Association in the West
Authors/Creators:	Leonard P. Liggio, Atlas Economic Research Foundation
Year:	2013
Volume:	28
Number:	2
Pages:	57 - 61
Publisher:	The Association of Private Enterprise Education
ISSN:	0890-913X
Document Type:	Articles
Keywords:	Voluntary associations, Joint stock companies, religious organizations, universities,

Citation:
Liggio, Leonard P. / 2013. "Historical Sketch of Freedom of Association in the West." The Journal of Private Enterprise, 28(2): 57-61.